Lymphoma is a type of cancer that originates in the lymphatic system, which is part of the body’s immune system. It primarily affects lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. There are two main types of lymphoma:
Hodgkin Lymphoma (HL): This type is characterized by the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells, which are abnormal cells found in lymph nodes. Hodgkin lymphoma often starts in the lymph nodes and can spread to other parts of the lymphatic system and beyond.
Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL): This is a diverse group of lymphomas that do not involve Reed-Sternberg cells. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma can start in lymph nodes or other parts of the lymphatic system, such as the spleen, bone marrow, or digestive tract.
Symptoms
Common symptoms of lymphoma include:
- Swollen lymph nodes (often painless)
- Fever
- Night sweats
- Weight loss
- Fatigue
- Itching
Diagnosis
Diagnosis typically involves:
- Physical examination
- Biopsy of affected lymph nodes or tissue
- Imaging tests (such as CT scans or PET scans)
- Blood tests
Treatment
Treatment options vary based on the type and stage of lymphoma and may include:
- Chemotherapy: Uses drugs to kill cancer cells.
- Radiation Therapy: Uses high-energy rays to target and kill cancer cells.
- Immunotherapy: Uses the body’s immune system to fight cancer.
- Targeted Therapy: Uses drugs that target specific molecules involved in cancer growth.
- Stem Cell Transplant: Replaces damaged bone marrow with healthy stem cells.
Prognosis
The prognosis for lymphoma can vary widely based on the type, stage, and response to treatment. Many people with lymphoma are able to achieve remission and have a good quality of life.